Peptic ulcer affects many individuals and is a prevalent condition. When peptic ulcers are newly discovered, they can often be fully cured. However, as the disease progresses to a chronic stage, treating it becomes more challenging and may lead to unwanted side effects.
So, what is a peptic ulcer? What causes it, and how is it treated? This article aims to provide readers with a better understanding of peptic ulcer, its causes, and treatment options.
1. What is a Peptic ulcer?
A peptic ulcer is a condition characterized by inflammation and ulcers forming on the lining of the stomach or the duodenum, which is the initial segment of the small intestine. These ulcers develop when the protective lining of the stomach or duodenum wears down, exposing the underlying layers of tissue.
Source: A duodenal ulcer is a sore that forms in the lining of the duodenum.
It's worth noting that duodenal ulcers make up 95% of cases, while gastric ulcers comprise 60%, with those located on the smaller curvature of the stomach constituting 25% of gastric ulcer cases. Learn more about the related symptoms of stomach issues such as abdominal pain.
2. Risk factors for peptic ulcer
Factors that increase the risk of developing peptic ulcer disease include:
1. Smoking and alcohol consumption
Cigarette smoke contains over 200 harmful substances, including nicotine, which stimulates the release of cortisol, a hormone that elevates the risk of stomach ulcers. Similarly, regular alcohol intake can contribute to the development of ulcers.
2. Stress
Prolonged stress and anxiety can heighten acid secretion in the stomach, putting individuals at a higher risk of peptic ulcer disease.
3. Unhealthy eating and lifestyle
Irregular personal habits, such as staying up late, skipping meals, eating at irregular times, late-night eating, and leading a sedentary lifestyle, can significantly impact overall health and increase the risk of developing peptic ulcer disease.
Causes of Peptic Ulcers
Peptic ulcers are primarily caused by two factors: infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often prescribed for joint pain.
1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection
- H. pylori infection is a leading cause of peptic ulcer disease. Once inside the body, these bacteria penetrate the protective mucous layer of the stomach and duodenum, secreting toxins that impair the mucosa's ability to withstand stomach acid.
2. Regular Use of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Long-term use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications, particularly in older adults, is another common cause of peptic ulcers. These drugs inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, which normally protect the gastric mucosa, leading to ulcer formation.
Signs of Stomach Ulcer
1. Abdominal Pain Above the Navel (Epigastric Pain)
A key symptom of stomach ulcers, this pain is often felt on an empty stomach or 2-3 hours after eating, especially with duodenal ulcers. It can also occur during the night or early morning and may radiate to the back.
Source: A stomach ulcer is a sore or break in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea, or Vomiting
These symptoms are common in peptic ulcer disease due to stomach damage, resulting in slow digestion and a feeling of fullness.
3. Insomnia or Poor Sleep
Abdominal discomfort and indigestion can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia or interrupted sleep.
4. Gas, Heartburn, or Burning Sensation in the Epigastric Region
Many ulcer patients experience heartburn or a burning sensation, particularly in the early stages. Gas and heartburn are prevalent, and epigastric burning is more common in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
5. Digestive Disorders
Diarrhea or constipation may occur due to unstable digestion in peptic ulcer disease patients. Weight loss may also occur due to discomfort, although increased food intake to alleviate pain can lead to rapid weight gain.
Dietary Recommendations for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Peptic ulcer necessitates a careful dietary approach, involving specific foods that should be included and avoided.
Below are recommendations regarding foods suitable for individuals with this condition.
1. Foods to Eat
- Milk and eggs: Consuming hot milk and steamed or porridge-cooked eggs can act as buffers to neutralize stomach acid.
- Lean proteins: Opt for lean pork, fish, and processed forms like boiled or steamed for easy digestion.
- Fresh vegetables and fruits: Choose young vegetables, particularly cruciferous ones like cabbage and radish, as they contain vitamins that aid in the healing of digestive tract wounds.
- Starchy foods: Include easily digestible options like rice, bread, or boiled potatoes.
- Vegetable oils: Use oils made from seeds such as sunflower, sesame, canola, or soybean.
2. Foods and Drinks to Avoid
- Processed cold meats: Avoid items like ham, sausages, and salami.
- Tough, chewy foods: Steer clear of meats with lots of tendons or cartilage, and high-fiber vegetables like celery.
- Raw, green fruits: Skip fruits that are unripe or sour, such as lemons and green mangoes.
- Spices and acidic foods: Avoid garlic, vinegar, chili peppers, pickles, and salty items.
- Carbonated drinks: Say no to sodas and fizzy beverages.
- Strong tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages: Cut out alcohol and caffeine to improve stomach health and overall well-being.
- Smoking: Quit smoking to not only alleviate gastroduodenal issues but also reduce the risk of respiratory and lung diseases.
3. Food Preparation Tips
- Finely chop, crush, or cook foods before serving.
- Serve food immediately after cooking to ensure freshness and ease of consumption.
In Summary
Early detection and timely treatment of peptic ulcers are crucial for successful management. If left untreated, ulcers can progress to a chronic stage, leading to complications. Therefore, individuals experiencing signs or symptoms of a stomach ulcer should adjust their diet, rest, engage in moderate activities, and avoid consuming stimulant foods. Seeking medical attention promptly is essential for diagnosis and receiving appropriate treatment regimens from healthcare professionals.
